이산화염소의 생물학적 효능

• Clordisys의 이산화염소 가스는 미국 환경보호청 (US EPA)에 멸균제로 등록되어 있습니다.
• US EPA는 멸균제를 "곰팡이, 바이러스 그리고 모든 형태의 박테리아와 그것들의 포자를 퐈괴하거나 제거할 수 있는 능력이 있는 것으로 정의합니다.
• 이와 같이 EPA의 분류로 이산화염소가스가 모든 바이러스, 박테리아, 곰팡이와 그것들의 포자를 제거할 것으로 간주될 수 있습니다.
• 아래의 테이블은 이산화염소가 제거하는 능력이 있는 것으로 증명된, 보다 더 흔하게 볼 수 있는 유기물의 목록 입니다.
• 다수의 특별한 유기물에 대해 이산화염소를 이용한 테스트를 해왔고 좀더 자세한 목록은 우리의 website에서 볼 수 있습니다.
• 현재까지 이산화염소가스에 대해 저항력을 가지는 것으로 증명된 유기물은 없습니다.

• 이산화염소의 생물학적 효능

  Bacteria	Ref.
  Blakeslea trispora	28
  Bordetella bronchiseptica	8
  Brucella suis	30
  Burkholderia mallei	36
  Burkholderia pseudomallei	36
  Campylobacter jejuni	39
  Clostridium botulinum	32
  Clostridium dificile	44
  Corynebacterium bovis	8
  Coxiella burneti (Q-fever)	35
  E.coli ATCC 11229	3
  E.coli ATCC 51739	1
  E.coli K12	1
  E.coli O157:H7 13B88	1
  E.coli O157:H7 204P	1
  E.coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895	1
  E.coli O157:H7 EDL933	13
  E.coli O157:H7 G5303	1
  E.coli O157:H7 C7927	1
  Erwinia carotovora (soft rot)	21
  Franscicella tularensis	30
  Fusarium sambucinum (dry rot)	21
  Fusarium solani var. coeruleum (dry rot)	21
  Helicobacter pylori	8
  Helminthosporium solani (silver scurf)	21
  Klebsiella pneumonia	3
  Lactobacillus acidophilus NRRL B1910	1
  Lactobacillus brevis	1
  Lactobacillus buchneri	1
  Lactobacillus plantarum	5
  Legionella	38
  Legionella pneumophila	42
  Leuconostoc citreum TPB85	1
  Leuconostoc mesenteroides	5
  Listeria innocua ATCC 33090	1
  Listeria monocytogenes F4248	1
  Listeria monocytogenes F5069	19
  Listeria monocytogenes LCDC-81-861	1
  Listeria monocytogenes LCDC-81-886	19
  Listeria monocytogenes Scott A	1
  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	3
  Multiple Drug Resistant Salmonella typhimurium (MDRS)	3
  Mycobacterium bovis	8
  Mycobacterium fortuitum	42
  Pediococcus acidilactici PH3	1
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa	3
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa	8
  Salmonella	1
  Salmonella spp.	2
  Salmonella Agona	1
  Salmonella Anatum Group E	1
  Salmonella Choleraesins ATCC 13076	1
  Salmonella choleraesuis	8
  Salmonella Enterica (PT30) BAA-1045	1
  Salmonella Enterica S. Enteritidis	13
  Salmonella Enterica S. Javiana	13
  Salmonella Enterica S. Montevideo	13
  Salmonella Enteritidis E190-88	1
  Salmonella Javiana	1
  Salmonella newport	4
  Salmonella Typhimurium C133117	1
  Salmonella Anatum Group E	1
  Shigella	38
  Staphylococcus aureus	23
  Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923	1
  Staphylococcus faecalis ATCC 344	1
  Tuberculosis	3
  Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE)	3
  Vibrio Strain Da-2	37
  Vibrio Strain Sr-3	37
  Yersinia enterocolitica	40
  Yersinia pestis	30
  Yersinia ruckerii ATCC 29473	31

  이산화염소의 생물학적 효능

  Bacterial Spores	Ref.
  Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris	17
  Bacillus coagulans	12
  Bacillus anthracis	10
  Bacillus anthracis Ames	30
  Bacillus atrophaeus	14
  Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 49337	31
  Bacillus megaterium	12
  Bacillus polymyxa	12
  Bacillus pumilus ATCC 27142	12
  Bacillus pumilus ATCC 27147	11
  Bacillus subtillis (globigii) ATCC 9372	11
  Bacillus subtillis ATCC 19659	31
  Bacillus subtillis 5230	12
  Clostridium. sporogenes ATCC 19404	12
  Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980	11
  Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 7953	31
  Geobacillus stearothermophilus VPHP	11
  Bacillus thuringiensis	18

  이산화염소의 생물학적 효능

  Beta Lactams	Ref.
  Amoxicillin	29
  Amplicillin	29
  Cefadroxil	29
  Cefazolin	29
  Cephalexin	29
  Imipenem	29
  Penicillin G	29
  Penicillin V	29

• 이산화염소의 생물학적 효능

  Viruses	Ref.
  Adenovirus Type 40	6
  Calicivirus	42
  Canine Parvovirus	8
  Coronavirus	3
  Feline Calici Virus	3
  Foot and Mouth disease	8
  Hantavirus	8
  Hepatitis A Virus	3
  Hepatitis B & C Viruses	8
  Human Coronavirus	8
  Human Immunodeficiency Virus	3
  Human Rotavirus type 2 (HRV)	15
  Influenza A	22
  Minute Virus of Mouse (Parovirus) (MVM-i)	8
  Minute Virus of Mouse (Parovirus) (MVM-p)	8
  Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV-A59)	8
  Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV-JHM)	8
  Mouse Parvovirus type 1 (MPV-1)	8
  Murine Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 (Sendai)	8
  Newcastle Disease Virus	8
  Norwalk Virus	8
  Poliovirus	20
  Rotavirus	3
  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)	43
  Sialodscryoadenitis Virus (Coronavirus)(SDAV)	8
  Simian rotavirus SA-11	15
  Theiler's Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV)	8
  Vaccinia Virus	10

  이산화염소의 생물학적 효능

  Algae/Fungi/Mold/Yeast	Ref.
  Alternaria alternata	26
  Aspergillus aeneus	28
  Aspergillus aurolatus	28
  Aspergillus brunneo-uniseriatus	28
  Aspergillus caespitosus	28
  Aspergillus cervinus	28
  Aspergillus clavatonanicus	28
  Aspergillus clavatus	28
  Aspergillus egyptiacus	28
  Aspergillus elongatus	28
  Aspergillus fischeri	28
  Aspergillus fumigatus	28
  Aspergillus giganteus	28
  Aspergillus longivesica	28
  Aspergillus niger	12
  Aspergillus ochraceus	28
  Aspergillus parvathecius	28
  Aspergillus sydowii	28
  Aspergillus unguis	28
  Aspergillus ustus	28
  Aspergillus versicolor	28
  Botrytis species	3
  Candida spp.	5
  Candida albicans	28
  Candida dubliniensis	28
  Candida maltosa	28
  Candida parapsilosis	28
  Candida sake	28
  Candida sojae	28
  Candida spp.	5
  Candida tropicalis	28
  Candida viswanathil	28
  Chaetomium globosum	7
  Cladosporium cladosporioides	7
  Debaryomyces etchellsii	28
  Eurotium spp.	5
  Fusarium solani	3
  Lodderomyces elongisporus	28
  Mucor circinelloides	28
  Mucor flavus	28
  Mucor indicus	28
  Mucor mucedo	28
  Mucor rademosus	28
  Mucor ramosissimus	28
  Mucor saturnus	28
  Penicillium chrysogenum	7
  Penicillium digitatum	3
  Penicillium herquei	28
  Penicillium spp.	5
  Phormidium boneri	3
  Pichia pastoris	3
  Poitrasia circinans	28
  Rhizopus oryzae	28
  Roridin A	33
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae	3
  Stachybotrys chartarum	7
  T-mentag (athlete's foot fungus)	3
  Verrucarin A	33

  이산화염소의 생물학적 효능

  Protozoa	Ref.
  Chironomid larvae	27
  Cryptosporidium	34
  Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts	9
  Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts	41
  Giardia	34

  이산화염소의 생물학적 효능

  Microsporidia	Ref.
  Encephalitozoon intestinalis	41

  이산화염소의 생물학적 효능

  Chemical Decontamination	Ref.
  Mustard Gas
  Ricin Toxin	10
  dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide	24
  microcystin-LR (MC-LR)	25
  cylindrospermopsin (CYN)	25

References:

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• 02. Decontamination of produce using chlorine dioxide gas treatment, Richard Linton, Philip Nelson, Bruce Applegate, David Gerrard, Yingchang Han and Travis Selby.
• 03. Chlorine Dioxide, Part 1 A Versatile, High-Value Sterilant for the Biopharmaceutical Industry, Barry Wintner, Anthony Contino, Gary O’Neill. BioProcess International DECEMBER 2005.
• 04. Chlorine Dioxide Gas Decontamination of Large Animal Hospital Intensive and Neonatal Care Units, Henry S. Luftman, Michael A. Regits, Paul Lorcheim, Mark A. Czarneski, Thomas Boyle, Helen Aceto, Barbara Dallap, Donald Munro, and Kym Faylor. Applied Biosafety, 11(3) pp. 144-154 © ABSA 2006
• 05. Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a sanitizer for tanks used for aseptic juice storage, Y. Han, A. M. Guentert*, R. S. Smith, R. H. Linton and P. E. Nelson. Food Microbiology, 1999, 16, 53]61
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• 07. Effect of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Fungi and Mycotoxins Associated with Sick Building Syndrome, S. C. Wilson,* C. Wu, L. A. Andriychuk, J. M. Martin, T. L. Brasel, C. A. Jumper, and D. C. Straus. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 2005, p. 5399–5403.
• 08. BASF Aseptrol Label
• 09. Effects of Ozone, Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorine, and Monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum Oocyst Viability, D. G. KORICH, J. R. MEAD, M. S. MADORE, N. A. SINCLAIR, AND C. R. STERLING. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 1990, p. 1423-1428.
• 10. NHSRC’s Systematic Decontamination Studies, Shawn P. Ryan, Joe Wood, G. Blair Martin, Vipin K. Rastogi (ECBC), Harry Stone (Battelle). 2007 Workshop on Decontamination, Cleanup, and Associated Issues for Sites Contaminated with Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Materials Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina June 21, 2007.
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• 13. Inactivation kinetics of inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica on lettuce by chlorine dioxide gas. Food Microbiology Volume 25, Issue 2, February 2008, Pages 244-252, Barakat S. M. Mahmoud and R. H. Linton.
• 14. Determination of the Efficacy of Two Building Decontamination Strategies by Surface Sampling with Culture and Quantitative PCR Analysis. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 2004, p. 4740–4747. Mark P. Buttner, Patricia Cruz, Linda D. Stetzenbach, Amy K. Klima-Comba, Vanessa L. Stevens, and Tracy D. Cronin
• 15. Inactivation of Human and Simian Rotaviruses by Chlorine Dioxide. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 1990, p. 1363-1366. YU-SHIAW CHEN AND JAMES M. VAUGHN
• 16. Information obtained from CSI internal testing with Pharmaceutical customer.May 2006 Pages 364-368
• 17. Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas against Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores on apple surfaces, Sun-Young Lee, Genisis Iris Dancer, Su-sen Chang, Min-Suk Rhee and Dong-Hyun Kang, International Journal of Food Microbiology, Volume 108, issue 3, May 2006 Pages 364-368
• 18. Decontamination of Bacillus thuringiensis spores on selected surfaces by chlorine dioxide gas, Han Y, Applegate B, Linton RH, Nelson PE. J Environ Health. 2003 Nov;66(4):16-21.
• 19. Decontamination of Strawberries Using Batch and Continuous Chlorine Dioxide Gas Treatments, Y Han, T.L. Selby, K.K.Schultze, PE Nelson, RH Linton. Journal of Food Protection, Vol 67, NO 12, 2004.
• 20. Mechanisms of Inactivation of Poliovirus by Chlorine Dioxide and Iodine, MARIA E. ALVAREZ AND R. T. O'BRIEN, APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1982, p. 1064-1071
• 21. The Use of Chlorine Dioxide in potato storage, NORA OLSEN, GALE KLEINKOPF, GARY SECOR, LYNN WOODELL, AND PHIL NOLTE, University of Idaho, BUL 825.
• 22. Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against influenza A virus infection Norio Ogata and Takashi Shibata Journal of General Virology (2008), 89, 60–67
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• 25. Oxidative elimination of cyanotoxins: comparison of ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate, Rodríguez E, Onstad GD, Kull TP, Metcalf JS, Acero JL, von Gunten U., Water Res. 2007 Aug;41 (15):3381-93. Epub 2007 Jun 20.
• 26. Inhibition of hyphal growth of the fungus Alternaria alternata by chlorine dioxide gas at very low concentrations, Morino H, Matsubara A, Fukuda T, Shibata T. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Apr;127(4):773-7. Japanese.
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• 31. Sporicidal Action of CD and VPHP Against Avirulent Bacillus anthracis – Effect of Organic Bio-Burden and Titer Challenge Level, Vipin K. Rastogi, Lanie Wallace & Lisa Smith, 2008 Workshop on Decontamination, Cleanup, and Associated Issues for Sites Contaminated with Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Materials Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina September 25, 2008.
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• 33. Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide as a Gas and in Solution in the Inactivation of Two Trichothecene Mycotoxins, S. C. Wilson, T. L. Brasel, J. M. Martin, C. Wu, L. Andriychuk, D. R. Douglas, L. Cobos, D. C. Straus, International Journal of Toxicology, Volume 24, Issue 3 May 2005 , pages 181 – 186.
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• 37. Seasonal Occurrence of the Pathogenic Vibrio sp. of the Disease of Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius Occurring at Low Water Temperatures and the Prevention Methods of the Disease, K. TAJIMA, K. TAKEUCHI, M. TAKAHATA, M. HASEGAWA, S. WATANABE, M. IQBAL, Y.EZURA, Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi VOL.66;NO.5;PAGE.799-804(2000).
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• 39. Sensitivity Of Listeria Monocytogenes, Campylobacter Jejuni And Escherichia Coli Stec To Sublethal Bactericidal Treatments And Development Of Increased Resistance After Repetitive Cycles Of Inactivation, N. Smigic, A. Rajkovic, H. Medic, M. Uyttendaele, F. Devlieghere, Oral presentation. FoodMicro 2008, September 1st – September 4th, 2008, Aberdeen, Scotland.
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• 41. Efficacy of Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide as a Sanitizer against Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis on Produce, Y. Ortega, A. Mann, M. Torres, V. Cama, Journal of Food Protection, Volume 71, Number 12, December 2008 , pp. 2410-2414.
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• 44. High sporocidal activity using dissolved chlorine dioxide (SanDes) on different surface materials contaminated by Clostridium difficile spores, Andersson J., Sjöberg M., Sjöberg L., Unemo M., Noren T. Oral presentation. 19th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Helsinki, Finland, 16 - 19 May 2009.